Mounting debt and slow reform at state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are the biggest challenges to China’s economic outlook. “The biggest risk is the huge buildup of credit relative to GDP, though it is not an across-the-board problem,” Nicholas Lardy, Senior Fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics, told the South China Morning Post on the sidelines of the Boao Forum. “The buildup of credit is primarily in state-owned enterprises,” he said. “If you look at private companies in the industrial sector, their leverage ratio is actually going down. The leverage ratio for state firms is skyrocketing. Some of them are not borrowing money to cover investment, but to cover their operating costs.” That is one of the concerns economists noted in the wake of the lending spree in January when new bank credit hit an all-time high of CNY2.51 trillion. “I don’t think there would be a danger of a medium-term banking crisis, but if the debts just keep piling up, eventually, there will be a banking crisis. You cannot slow down the debt if there are no big efforts to deal with state-owned companies,” Lardy said. Li Yang, former Deputy Director of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), said at the forum that a new financial oversight regime may be finalized in months. It is widely expected that the three watchdogs for securities, banks, and insurance will be merged to guard against regulatory loopholes.